How to Build a Wireless Home Network

Learn the Terminology of Wireless Networking

WLAN

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A WLAN is a wireless LAN, and a LAN (local area network) is a related group of networked computers situated in close physical proximity to each other.

You can find LANs in many homes, schools, and businesses. Though it's technically possible to have more than one LAN in your home, few do this in practice.

WI-FI

Wi-Fi is an industry name for networking products. You'll find a black-and-white Wi-Fi logo or certification emblem on virtually any new wireless equipment you buy.

Technically speaking, Wi-Fi signifies conformance to the 802.11 family of wireless communication standards. All mainstream wireless home network gear uses the 802.11 standards today, and the term "Wi-Fi" distinguishes wireless equipment from other network gear.

WHAT ARE WEP, WPA AND WARDRIVING?

The security of wireless home and small business networks remains a concern for many. Just like using radio or television receivers to tune into station broadcasts, it's almost as easy to pick up signals from a nearby wireless home network. Credit card transactions on the web may be secure, but imagine your neighbors spying on every email and instant message you send.

Years ago, some techies popularized the practice of wardriving to raise awareness of this vulnerability in WLANs. With the help of cheap, home-made equipment, wardrivers walked or motored through neighborhoods snooping the wireless network traffic emanating from nearby homes. Some wardrivers logged their computers onto unsuspecting people's home WLANs, essentially stealing free computer resources and internet access.

WEP was an essential feature of wireless networks that improved network security. WEP encrypts network traffic mathematically so that other computers can understand it, but humans can't read it.

WEP technology became obsolete some years back, and WPA and other security options have replaced it. WPA protects your WLAN from wardrivers and nosy neighbors, and today, all popular wireless equipment supports it. Because WPA is a feature that you can turn on or off, configure it properly when you set up your network.

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Types of Wireless Equipment

The five types of equipment found in wireless home networks are:

• Wireless network adapters
• Wireless access points
• Wireless routers
• Add-on wireless antennas
• Wireless signal boosters
• Some of this equipment is optional, depending on your home network configuration.

WIRELESS NETWORK ADAPTERS

Each device you connect to a WLAN must possess a wireless network adapter. Wireless adapters are sometimes called NICs, short for Network Interface Cards. Wireless adapters for desktop computers are often small PCI cards or sometimes card-like USB adapters. Wireless adapters for notebook computers resemble a thick credit card. Nowadays, though, an increasing number of wireless adapters are not cards but rather small chips embedded inside notebooks or handheld computers.

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Wireless network adapters contain a radio transmitter and receiver (transceiver). Wireless transceivers send and receive messages, translating, formatting, and generally organizing the flow of information between the computer and the network.

Determining how many wireless network adapters you need to buy is the first step in building your home network. Check the technical specifications of your computers if you're unsure whether they contain built-in wireless adapter chips.

WIRELESS ACCESS POINTS

A wireless access point serves as the central WLAN communication station. These are sometimes called base stations. Access points are thin, lightweight boxes with a series of LED lights on the face.

Access points join a wireless LAN to a pre-existing, wired Ethernet network. Home networkers typically install an access point when they own a broadband router and plan to add wireless computers to their current setup.

You must use either an access point or a wireless router to implement hybrid wired and wireless home networking. Otherwise, you probably don't need an access point.

WIRELESS ROUTERS

A wireless router is an access point with other useful functions. Like wired broadband routers, wireless routers support internet connection sharing and include firewall technology for improved network security. Wireless routers closely resemble access points.

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A key benefit of both wireless routers and access points is scalability. A router's robust, built-in transceivers can spread a wireless signal throughout a home. A home WLAN with a router or access point can better reach corner rooms and backyards, for example, than one without. Likewise, home wireless networks with a router or access point support more computers than those without one. If your wireless LAN design includes a router or access point, run all network adapters in infrastructure mode; otherwise, adapters must run in ad-hoc mode.

Wireless routers are a good choice when building your first home network. It's essential to choose the proper hardware when you're setting up.

WIRELESS ANTENNAS

Wireless network adapters, access points, and routers use an antenna to receive signals on the WLAN. Some wireless antennas, like those on adapters, are internal to the unit. Other antennas, like those on many access points, are externally visible.

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The normal antennas shipped with wireless products provide sufficient reception in most cases. Still, you can install an optional, add-on antenna to improve reception. You generally won't know whether you'll need this piece of equipment until after you finish the basic network setup.

WIRELESS SIGNAL BOOSTERS

Some manufacturers of wireless access points and routers sell signal boosters. A signal booster increases the strength of the base station transmitter. It's possible to use signal boosters and add-on antennas to improve wireless network transmission and reception simultaneously.

Both antennas and signal boosters can be a valuable addition to some home networks after the basics are in place. They can bring out-of-range computers into the WLAN range, and they also improve network performance in some cases.

WLAN Configurations

To maximize your network's functionality, have your answers ready for the following questions:

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1. Do you want to extend your wired home network with a WLAN, or are you building a new network?
2. How many wireless computers do you plan to network, and where will be they be in the home?
3. What operating systems do you or will you run on your networked computers?
4. Do you need to share your internet connection among the wireless computers? How else will you use this WLAN? File sharing? Network gaming?

Install a Wireless Router

One wireless router supports one WLAN. Use a wireless router on your network if:

• You're building your first home network.
• You want to re-build your home network to be all-wireless.
• You want to keep your WLAN installation as simple as possible.

Install the wireless router in a central location within the home. The way Wi-Fi networking works, computers closer to the router (generally in the same room or in line of sight) get better network speed than computers farther away.

Connect the wireless router to a power outlet and optionally to a source of internet connectivity. All modern wireless routers support broadband modems. Additionally, because wireless routers contain a built-in access point, you can also connect a wired router, switch, or hub.

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Choose your network name. In Wi-Fi networking, the network name is often called the SSID. Although routers ship with a default name, it's best to change it for security reasons. Consult product documentation to find the network name for your wireless router.

Follow the router documentation to enable WEP security, turn on firewall features, and set any other recommended parameters.